Introduction
Drugs are substances that when taken into the body, they alter the body’s function either physically, mentally or both. They may be used for medical purposes, such as treating illness or for recreational purposes, leading to harmful effects. Drugs are broadly classified into two main categories.
- Medicinal drugs- substances prescribed or recommended by health professionals to prevent, treat or manage diseases such as antibiotics and painkillers.
- Non-medical or recreational drugs- substances taken for pleasure or mood-altering effects rather than medical reasons. These are often harmful and may cause addiction.
The recreational drugs are further divided into groups according to their effects on the body.
- Depressant- slows down brain activity and body functions. They include alcohol and tranquilizers.
- Stimulant-speeds up the body activity, increasing alertness. They include nicotine in tobacco, caffeine and cocaine.
- Hallucinogens- distort perception and cause hallucinations such as cannabis
- Narcotics- strongly addictive pain-relievers that depress the nervous system. They include heroin and morphine.
Alcohol is classified as a depressant drug as it slows down the central nervous system, affecting coordination and judgement. Tobacco on the other hand contains nicotine which is a stimulant drug because it increases alertness, speeds up heart rate and creates dependence. Both alcohol and tobacco, despite being socially accepted and legally accessible in many societies, are harmful substances that pose significant risk to health.
When abused these substances have a direct impact on oral health contributing to conditions such as gum diseases, tooth decay, staining of teeth, bad breath and even oral cancers.
Effects of Smoking and Alcohol on Oral Health
1. Effects of Smoking on Oral Health
Smoking negatively affects oral health due to harmful chemicals such as nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide found in tobacco.
Staining of Teeth: The tar and nicotine in tobacco smoke cause yellow or brown stains on teeth. These chemicals stick to the tooth enamel and are difficult to remove through normal brushing.
Bad Breath (Halitosis): Smoking dries out the mouth and reduces saliva flow. Nicotine and other chemicals also leave a lingering smell that causes bad breath.
Gum Disease (Periodontal Disease): Nicotine reduces blood flow to the gums, limiting the supply of oxygen and nutrients. This weakens gum tissue, leading to inflammation, infection, and eventually tooth loss.
Delayed Healing: Smoking slows down the healing process after dental treatments or oral surgery because carbon monoxide reduces oxygen in the blood, delaying tissue repair.
Oral Cancer: Tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic substances (cancer-causing chemicals) like benzene and formaldehyde that damage the cells in the mouth and throat, increasing the risk of oral cancer.
2. Effects of Alcohol on Oral Health
Alcohol also harms oral health through its chemical composition and dehydrating effect.
Dry Mouth: Alcohol acts as a diuretic, reducing saliva production. Saliva is important for washing away food particles and neutralizing acids; without it, bacteria thrive and cause decay.
Tooth Decay: Many alcoholic drinks contain sugar and acids, which erode the enamel over time, leading to cavities and sensitivity.
Staining of Teeth: Dark-colored alcoholic beverages such as red wine and some spirits contain chromogens (color pigments) and tannins that attach to enamel, causing discoloration.
Gum Disease: Regular alcohol consumption weakens the immune system and damages gum tissues, increasing the risk of infections and inflammation.
Oral Cancer: Alcohol contains ethanol, which breaks down into acetaldehyde, a toxic compound that can damage the DNA of cells in the mouth and throat, leading to cancer. When combined with smoking, the risk is even higher.
Prevention and Recommendation for practicing good oral hygiene
- Avoid harmful habits
Do not smoke or use tobacco
Limit alcohol intake especially sugary or acidic
- Oral hygiene practices
Brush teeth at least twice a day daily with fluoride toothpaste.
Floss or use interdental cleaners to remove plaque between teeth.
Rinse with an alcohol-free mouthwash to prevent dryness and irritation.
- Healthy lifestyle
Drink plenty of water to keep the mouth moist.
Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables and calcium for strong teeth.
- Regular dental care
Visit the dentist at least twice a year for check-ups and cleaning.
Get oral screenings to detect early signs of gum diseases or cancer.
Conclusion
Both smoking and alcohol consumption have a negative impact on oral health. They increase the risk of gum diseases, tooth decay, staining of teeth, bad breath and even serious conditions such as oral cancer. When used together, their harmful effect becomes even greater, weakening the mouth’s natural defense mechanisms. Maintaining good oral hygiene, avoiding these substances, and going for regular dental check-ups are key steps in protecting one’s oral health. Therefore, reducing or completely avoiding smoking and alcohol is essential for a healthy mouth and overall wellbeing.
